Essay on Impacts of Climate Change on Natural Resource Management

Introduction

There is no denying that global change has become one of the issues that embrace a broad spectrum of human lives, including social and economic aspects. Research has shown that climate change will continue to harm the world as long as appropriate environmental protection measures are not followed. Humans were commonly held responsible for the rising climate change effects worldwide in this regard. Only time will tell whether or not it is possible to tame climate change. Although different scholars in the environment tend to have different definitions, most classify the weather pattern for several years as climate change. These changes harm the environment, usually as a result of human activity.[1] Climate change is not a hoax but rather a fact which, since the 1950s, has been increasingly influenced, notably by the rise in atmospheric greenhouse gas emissions. One essential element of the climate change situation is holistically growing climatic temperatures, including all oceans, the atmosphere and the cryosphere. These results concluded that the climate conditioning system is heating.

Although researchers review the work of other individuals, it is crucial to remember that climate change is more than just global warming, as most people see it.[2] In particular, when warming goes on unchecked, the weather will vary widely from scientific disclosure. As a result, extreme weather events such as heavy currents and droughts are likely to occur due to erratic precipitation patterns. In every corner of the world, the impact of climate change is felt. Asia, Africa and Latin America are the parts of the world that have been badly affected by the plague following the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Africa is under strain and remains vulnerable to climate change from a recent survey.

Direct Impacts

The planet’s natural capital — water, land, forests, soil, wilderness and fisheries — protects and supports billion people’s health and well-being. In low-income countries, people rely on these resources for half their wealth. The changing climate is increasing the significance of sustainable management of natural resources, frequently strengthening resilience. At the same time, the extreme weather conditions associated with climate change put additional demand on natural resources. Severe weather can interfere with the management of natural resources by affecting both land and water ecosystems.[3] Weather pattern changes also change the appropriate habitat for many animals. These conditions are leading to new issues for land managers and disputes over land tenures and water systems. Greater insecurity and uncertainty lead to land degradation through overgrazing, deforestation, animal wildlife and improper management of the watershed. Together, this threatens long-term economic growth, livelihood prospects and human well-being environmental services. Climate change affects the most vulnerable in the world disproportionately. About 3 in 4 impoverished people live in rural areas, depending on their livelihoods from natural resources.[4] Decreased access to water, local food sources, and more significant resource rivalry often mean life and death. Individual weather events cannot scientifically be assigned to the current change, but they can be shown statistically to increase the likelihood of extreme weather. Artificial climate change has the direct repercussions of increasing sea levels by higher sea temperatures, increased precipitation (heavy rain and hail), diminishing glaciers, etc. Climate change consequences, affecting us human beings and the environment indirectly, include the spike of hunger and water crises, especially in developing countries, rising air health risks, temperatures and heatwaves, the economic effects of addressing these problems, secondary damage to climate change, increasing spread of pests and pathogens among others.

As the global climate is a highly linked and impacted system, it frequently results in positive or negative feedback effects due to many distinct causes. This refers to self-enhancing changes due to certain conditions.[5] In addition, scientists may compute the so-called tip points of the global climate’s different subsystems. For example, the more the global temperature rise, the more the climate system becomes influenced. Therefore it is not possible to reverse the process at some point, even substantial attempts. However, the exact location of these tipping points is still unclear and can only be calculated with significant insecurity. Nevertheless, for melting polar caps and the stability of major ocean currents, such tips are expected.

Impacts in vulnerable areas

Some of these impacts are witnessed in more vulnerable areas in the world. For example, Africa is experiencing various climate changes, unlike most parts of the world. In Africa, severe droughts and floods have been expected, with devastating ramifications for the continent’s economy. Both events are recognized to predispose hunger and global interference in society’s social well-being.[6] According to the analysis by UNFCCC, about a third of the population of Africa lives in drought-prone zones. At the same time, more than two million people continue every year to be vulnerable to drought. A recent survey has shown that climate change is linked to various elements that contribute to its escalation across the continent, comprehending the impact of climate change in Africa. Poverty, weak institutions, analphabetism, lack of information and technology, inadequate infrastructure, poor resource access, poor management, and conflict are amongst these causes.

Furthermore, extensive land use continues to be a severe threat to the environment. Because of pressures on land, over-cultivation and deforestation is a significant issue for most farmers. Furthermore, different variables such as dunes and storms continue to pose further environmental and human dangers.[7] Drought and overall water scarcity occur in certain places due to these phenomena. This trend is expected to lead to a lack of rain and total water shortages in the areas. With most trans boundary river basins becoming a common source of conflicts.

Impacts on Agriculture

Agriculture is another vital part of global climate change. The sector is affected by insufficient water supply in most Sub-Saharan regions, as the majority of the subsistence farmers depend on rainfall and irrigation. UNFCCC also mentions the loss of farmland and a decline in production from subsistence crops due to climate change. Climate change has undoubtedly led to insufficient food supply increasing because the population is at a high percentage under threat of hunger. It is devastating that climate change has also led to the expansion of malaria, TB and diarrhea in most sections of the country. The distribution of vectors of disease has changed.[8] For example, moving mosquitoes to higher altitude zones will likely expose humans in these areas to the danger of malaria infection.

Impacts on endangered ecosystems

Furthermore, climate change is expected to affect already endangered African ecosystems and habitats adversely. Because of the restricted habitat and climate change, some animals will probably shift into more bearable areas. Concerning this, experts have determined that the implications of climate change on human health are profound. Early studies stressed that the effects of heat-stress mortality, urban pollution and vector-borne diseases, which can be preferred in a specific environment, might be detrimental to human health.[9]

In addition, experts have suggested that these impacts are felt significantly in developing nations where life is lost, communities are damaged, and health care costs rise due to the high occurrence of certain complications. About the effects on biodiversity of climate change, researchers believe that in society, every ecosystem plays a significant role. For example, they provide every company with a source of goods and services. These include, in particular, the provision of food, carbon and other nutrient processing and storage, waste assimilation, as well as the provision of leisure and tourism opportunities.[10] Consequently, the current study has claimed that the geographical locality of different ecological systems, including the presence of specific species and their capacity to remain productive to support society, is known to be altered by climate change. These findings indicate that ecological systems are inherently dynamic and that climate changes of any scale are frequently influenced. However, the extreme climate changes in the environment determine ecosystem changes.

Redistribution of pests and diseases

Moreover, the high carbon dioxide level in the atmosphere is a crucial component in climate change now in the world. Climate change may have secondary consequences, such as soil characteristics and dietary interference, besides altering the ecosystems. These include illnesses, pesticides and diseases that may favour the existence of particular species. Therefore, the survival of some species and the total population of creatures will be effected automatically. Experts also suggested that in most regions of the world, climate change directly impacts food production. According to another survey, the form of agricultural systems in place impacts how changes in climatic conditions and patterns affect crop productivity.

Impacts on crop production

Experts reiterate, giving a variety of examples, that climate change has complicated world repercussions nowadays. In times of heavy precipitation due to climate change, the world can have direct or indirect consequences. This could be demonstrated through high or poor crop production, depending on the type of soil or crop. The indirect impacts on demand and supply may, depending on other conditions, arise from low or high returns. This, therefore, coincides with various authors and experts who have listed the environmental and human life effects of climate change. For example, research has shown that climate change was a primary driver of water shortages in most places of the world. This has, however, been attributed to several variables, including decreasing precipitation in some areas, high evaporation rates worldwide and general loss of glaciers.

Furthermore, research shows economically that climate change affects a nation’s economic prosperity, as resources might be moved to control diseases in lieu of promoting development projects. In addition, it is vital to recognize that the majority of countries badly affected by climate change are poor states with no stable economic muscles. As a result, wealthy countries are likely to get stronger as economies in the developing world continue to deteriorate. Finally, some of the hazards posed by climate change cause irreparable damage to people forever.

Concerning many researchers who have researched the effects of climate change, it was evident that human activities have a part in escalating these effects. In a 2010 study, Martin Kernan noted that human activity has a link with global warming.[11] This global link has led to a rise in carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere on the planet. In this survey, he observed widespread increases in greenhouse gasses in the northern half of the earth. Due to the high temperatures, Martin points out that changes affect the makeup and survival of the natural ecosystems of animals. Martin’s research most evidently compares the present status of the climate to what he knew centuries ago. This change may occur due to increased greenhouse gas concentration. Climate change can be observed, among other ways, by measuring temperature variation, frequent and intensive droughts and changing precipitation patterns. Other researchers also looked at the impact of climate change on water quality and stated that natural systems are usually susceptible to climate change alterations. Temperature or water concentration primarily affects hydrological quality.[12] If oceans and other water bodies overheat due to high temperatures, this can have a harmful influence on aquatic species, adapting to specific hypotheses. Similarly, when gasses such as carbon dioxide dissolve in the water reservoirs, water quality is permanently changed. The mixing of species in a given ecosystem may be affected.

Impacts on tenure and property rights

Unpredictably, the value of land and other natural resources will be adjusted by the changing climate while increasing human movement and displacement. These dynamics may undermine the government and property rights, encourage the development of legal and conventional tenures and open the door for powerful actors to expand their claims to land and other natural resources. Climatic mitigation activities can radically change governance structures and property rights, such as carbon sequestration regulations and programs. Integration into policies and programs of property rights and resource governance issues will boost climate change resilience while fostering mitigation activities. The fundamental drivers of biodiversity and sustainable natural resources management are secure land tenure and rights to resources. Where these rights are not well defined or poorly implemented, the deterioration of natural resources and ecosystems is rapid as resource protection incentives are weak or nonexistent. This instability can lead to overgrazing, breeding of wildlife, deforestation, inefficient management of water basins and poorly planned investment from the extractive industries, among other results.

Increase in heavy precipitation

Changes in precipitation and other kinds of precipitation will be a crucial component in determining the overall climate change impact. Rainfall is much harder to predict than temperature, although scientists can make some judgments about the future. Higher moisture in a warmer environment and water vapour globally increases by 7% in each degree of heat.[13] The result is less obvious how this may result in changes to global precipitation, although the total number of precipitation risks rising by 1-2 percent with a warming degree. Evidence suggests that already wet locations may be weathered, but it is harder to detect information about how much weather and what consequences on a small scale. The arid sub-tropic zones will probably dry out and move into the poles. The shifts in weather patterns make it extremely difficult to predict precipitation. While several climate models agree widely on global warming in the future, the weather impact – and hence rainfall – is less well agreed at a detailed level to project how these changes would affect. High precipitation is predicted to rise and result in less intensive episodes in a warmer climate. This could lead to an increased danger of flooding and dry periods. It is impossible to distinguish from natural variations any impact that climate change can have on regional rainfall. However, a signal is beginning to appear in some specific circumstances.

Oceans have softened the effect while people continue to dump greenhouse gasses into the air. The world’s seas have consumed more than 90% of the heat from these gases, but our oceans are affected by them. One of the repercussions of climate change is the rising oceans. Every year average sea level has swollen, and 13 centimetres of the sea rises.[14]

Shifts in sea levels

The shift in sea levels is associated with three main factors, all of which arise from continuing global climate change: Thermal expansion: expands when water heats up. Approximately half of the sea level increase in the last 25 years is due to warmer oceans that simply consume more space.[15] Second, glaciers are melting: Naturally, large glaciers like mountain glaciers melt somewhat each summer. In winter, mostly snow is adequate to counteract the melt, mainly from evaporated seawater. But recent temperatures are higher than the usual summer melt and decreased snowfall due to recent winters and early springs that have led to higher temperatures due to global warming. This produces an imbalance between rushing and evaporation of the water, increasing sea levels. Loss of ice sheets in Greenland and the Antarktis: Like mountain glaciers, heat increase causes a faster melting of vast ice sheets covering Greenland and Antarctica. Researchers believe that meltwater from above and marine water from below drain under ice sheets of Greenland effectively lubricate ice streams and cause them to move faster to the sea. While scientists have focused on melting in West Antarctica, especially with the 2017 breach on the Larsen C ice shelf, the glaciers in East Antarctica also demonstrate indicators of destabilization.

Even a slight rise may have severe consequences on coastal ecosystems further inland, create devastating erosion, water, and agricultural soil contamination with salt and a loss of habitat for fish, birds and plants when the sea levels rise as rapidly as they were. More dangerous hurricanes and typhoons that travel slowly and drop more rain coincide with higher sea levels, which lead to more tremendous storms, and all their trajectory can be pushed aside. One survey indicated that nearly half of all Atlantic hurricane deaths have been due to storm surges. Inundation already forces the population towards higher land in low-lying coastal areas, and millions of more are subject to risks of floods and other effects of climate change. The likelihood of increased coastal water levels threatens essential services, such as internet connectivity, as many of the infrastructure enabling communication lies on the way up the seas.

Thawing Permafrost

Permafrost thawing was one of the five most severe environmental problems emerging in 2019, called the United Nations (UN). Permafrost is the soil below the earth’s surface that continues to be frozen for at least two years, with sections from thousands of years and depths of several meters to over a kilometre.[16] Because of the continual probable future thawing, civilian and military infrastructure in permafrost areas faces a direct threat. Permafrost thaw is expected to harm several high-altitude mountain facilities in the Alps, notably the avalanche control systems, which are crucial for local and tourist safety. Fire stations collapse, roads and residences have become unstable in the Arctic, where there are military outposts for various countries. Some of the coastal populations have been forced back into safer locations. About 70 percent of all Arctic infrastructure is expected to intensify permafrost thaw by 2050. The risk to oil and gas infrastructure in the region is highly significant. Up to 45% of Russian hydrocarbons can be seriously damaged by 2050. Several pipelines, including the Eastern Siberia and Pacific Ocean (ESPO) pipelines and gas pipelines in the Yamal-Nenets region, will be exposed to significant risk (northwest Siberia).[17] The risk to the US Trans-Alaska Pipeline System would also be considerable (TASP). The foundations of a storage tank in Arctic Russia crumbled in 2020 with permafrost thaw triggering a massive fuel spill and damaging US Army facilities in Alaska. The worst is still to come, researchers predict.

Permafrost-degraded infrastructure could, even on energy security, have broader effects. TASP is essential for the economy of Alaska and a central pillar of the security of energy in the United States; it could be bolstered by massive oil reserves recently found in other sections of Alaska. In Russia’s energy security and hydrocarbon sector, the second biggest exporter of oil and gas, the Yamal-Nenets and ESPO pipelines are also essential. In the recent decade, ESPO contributed to the diversification of Russian oil exports in the face of increasing tensions towards the West. Thawing permafrost might lead to significant issues in human safety. When thawing, permafrost exposes its long-buried materials into the environment, which can be dangerous — its organic gas is turned into greenhouse gases (carbon and the unusually high level of methane), and its mercury may be toxic to humans and animals. Once in the ecosystem, permafrost melt could affect humans in the region and beyond when these materials become mobile.

These issues posed by permafrost could have more significant consequences for security. More mercury might increase the likelihood of food poverty because if carbon emissions continue at current rates, fish may no longer be safe to consume. This could lead to competition over resources among the impacted communities. The emergence and propagation of unknown viruses, as the COVID-19 problem has proven, can have a devastating economic, social and geopolitical impact on many parts of the planet, all of which affect safety. Permafrost thawing could significantly increase global warming by releasing greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, defined as “permafrost carbon feedback.” This might also contribute to other climatic safety concerns, such as creating a commercial transit over the Arctic, which could quickly be made viable by the continued melting of the polar ice cap.

Shrinking glaciers

Cast glaciers are adding to rising sea levels which, in turn, enhances the risks of coastline erosion, as hurricanes and typhoons lead to heated water and air temperatures. The major contributors in terms of global sea levels are, in particular, Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets. The ice sheet in Greenland is four times quicker vanishing and contributes 20% of the present sea level increase already.[18] What amount and how rapidly these ice sheets from Greenland and the Antarctic melt in the future will mainly influence the future increase in ocean levels. The current melting rates on the Greenland ice sheet are anticipated to quadruple by the end of the century if emissions continue to increase. It would increase world sea levels by 20 feet if the ice in Greenland melted alarmingly.

The Arctic now warms up twice the speed on the globe, and the sea ice decreases every ten years by almost 10 percent.[19] During this melting of the ice, darker ocean patches begin to emerge, removing the effect of the poles, causing warmer air temperatures and, in turn, interrupting regular ocean circulation patterns. Research indicates that the polar vortex is more frequently found outside the Arctic due to jet stream shifts due to a mix of temperatures from warming air and sea in the Arctic and the tropics.

Impact on marine and terra firma wildlife

In addition, the glacial fusion in the Antarctic and Greenland today is affecting the Atlantic Ocean’s circulation, which is linked to the collapse of fisheries in the Maine Gulf and more damaging storms and hurricanes around the world. What happens here has repercussions around the world. As sea ice and glaciers melt and warm waters, ocean streams continue to disturb global weather patterns. Though heat seas vary where and when fish are spawned, industries that feed on lively fisheries are harmed. As floods and storms intensify, the coastal communities will continue with billions of dollars for recovery. Not just people are affected. Wildlife like walrus in the Arctic is losing their homes as sea glace falls. Polar bears spend more time on land, which leads to increased levels of conflict between bears and people.

Climate change will influence a lot of animals physiologically. Some species are shown to be physiologically vulnerable to spikes in temperature. The green ringtail possum, a species endemic to rainforests in Queensland, for instance, cannot manage the body’s temperature if the ambient temperature is higher than 30°C. A prolonged wave of heat may wreak havoc in North Queensland. Hotter temperatures on the surface of the sea are responsible for an increase in coral bleaching phenomena. Coral bleaching is caused by corals expelling their Zooxanthellae, an alga that symbiotically photosynthesizes and provides critical nutrients for the coral cells. In addition, the zooxanthellae give corals their stunning colour scheme. When coral has become stressed by environmental conditions such as extremely high water temperatures and pollution, zooxanthellae are evacuated. Increasing the loss of zooxanthellae may impact the growth of corals in nutrient production and make corals disease-prone. The Great Barrier Reef was the subject of significant bleaching in 1998, 2002 and 2006, which resulted in a substantial drop in corals at certain places.[20] Another difficulty for corals is ocean acidification because corals find it hard to construct their skeletons.

Impacts on natural environment and phenomena

The forecasted severity, frequency and breadth of disturbances such as fire, cyclone, and drought and flood changes would put current vegetation under pressure and favour species capable of colonizing denuded areas quickly. In many situations, foreign ‘weed’ species are propagated, and the distribution and abundance of many native species are considerable alterations. Heat waves in the South West Australia in summer 2010-2011 are likely to damage the biodiversity of marine habitats.[21] The closing down of the abalone industry and the migration of whale hacks and manta rays farther south and east than average led to more extended warm sea temperatures.

Carbon dioxide and water are the essential elements for photosynthesis. Higher atmospheric carbon dioxide produces higher growth rates for many plant species. This is terrific news for the farmers, but only if sufficient soil moisture and other nutrients match this “fertilizer” action of carbon dioxide. Leaf foods such as koalas may not be so fortunate: higher carbon dioxide concentrations could decrease the nutritional value of the leaves. In addition, the seas have absorbed a lot of CO2, which is exhaled in the atmosphere. This has led to a reduction in the pH of the ocean, which affects the rate at which a significant number of marine species create skeletons, thereby slowing the recovery of reefs injured by bleaching or other agents.

Climate change anticipates higher temperatures and more varied precipitation patterns. These climate changes will significantly alter world agriculture productivity. Although some portions of Europe and North America may gain from a warmer environment, crop yields will decrease for most producing agricultural regions. Climate change is a threat that threatens hungry and malnourished people. The number of extreme weather disasters has doubled since the beginning of the 1990s. This has lowered the returns of essential crops and has resulted in higher food prices and lower incomes. These disasters have damaged low-income and their access to food disproportionately. Therefore, in the 2019 Global Hunger Index (GHI) produced by Concern Worldwide and the Welthungerhilfe, we have decided to focus our efforts on the relationship between climate change and food security.[22] Unfortunately, this is not a pattern that seems to disappear rapidly.

Impacts on food security

Climate models foresee higher average temperatures in most land and ocean regions, greater extremes in many populated places and both heavy precipitation in some areas as well as an increased risk of severe drought. These are all further hurdles for hunger-reduction.

Higher temperatures, water shortages, extreme occurrences such as droughts and floods, and increased concentrations of CO2 in the air have already started affecting essential plants worldwide. Owing to harsh weather occurrences, plant diseases, and a general increase in water scarcity, maize and wheat output dropped in recent years. Unpredictable grain yields for the cereals of the world’s semi-arid areas, such as the Sahel region of Africa, are at least eighty percent as the result of climate variability, according to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization. The causes of these problems are pretty constant, but not the solutions.[23] That means we need to find unique strategies to mitigate catastrophes when they strike and to develop tailored ways of reducing the impact of dangers on the lives and livelihoods of those regions since the climate change effects are already seen in areas such as the Horn of Africa and Southeast Asia.

It is also reasonable that climate change influences the production of foodstuffs. This simple supply and demand have significant repercussions: climate change and natural calamities can inflate food costs. These price increases are vulnerable to the lowest households, with poor urban spending up to 75 percent of their total food consumption alone.[24] Because our food systems are becoming more and more interdependent, this means that even the global food system as a whole can be disrupted with more common and more extreme events in one place. However, the places that are less likely to settle for a quick occurrence of shock remain disproportionately affected. Alternatively, the nutritional value of food produced might be adversely affected by climate change. Studies reveal that increasing levels of carbon dioxide lower crop protein, zinc, and iron. By 2050, there could be an estimated 175 million more zinc deficiencies and 122 million more persons with protein deficiencies. Communities that rely heavily on plant harvests will feel this most.[25]

Conclusion

Climate change can potentially impact rural communities by increasing human health risks, changing agricultural and forestry sectors, stressing water resources and fisheries, increasing conflict over a scarce resource, impacting recreation and tourism, adverse effects on indigenous communities and other impacts on the growth of adverse weather events. Climate change will affect all sectors and regions of the country, directly or indirectly, positively or badly, even if the impact is not homogeneous throughout regions, sectors, populations or times. Given the possible implications on rural communities of climate change, it is necessary to improve their cope and adaptive capacity. However, there is early public debate over adaptation. An active discourse between stakeholders and governmental institutions could clarify the potential for climate change adaptation and management.

Reference

Ahmed, Mukhtar. “Introduction to Modern Climate Change. Andrew E. Dessler: Cambridge University Press, 2011, 252 pp, ISBN-10: 0521173159.” (2020): 139397.

Dow, Kirstin, and Thomas E. Downing. The atlas of climate change. University of California Press, 2016.

Crate, Susan A., and Mark Nuttall, eds. Anthropology and climate change: from encounters to actions. Routledge, 2016.

Tol, Richard SJ. “The economic impacts of climate change.” Review of Environmental Economics and Policy (2020).

Change, Percent. “What climate change.” (2016).

Hallegatte, Stephane. Shock waves: managing the impacts of climate change on poverty. World Bank Publications, 2016.

Krause, Bernie, and Almo Farina. “Using ecoacoustic methods to survey the impacts of climate change on biodiversity.” Biological conservation 195 (2016): 245-254.

Nunez, Sarahi, Eric Arets, Rob Alkemade, Caspar Verwer, and Rik Leemans. “Assessing the impacts of climate change on biodiversity: is below 2° C enough?.” Climatic Change 154, no. 3 (2019): 351-365.

Perera, A. T. D., Vahid M. Nik, Deliang Chen, Jean-Louis Scartezzini, and Tianzhen Hong. “Quantifying the impacts of climate change and extreme climate events on energy systems.” Nature Energy 5, no. 2 (2020): 150-159.

Li, Zhiying, and Haiyan Fang. “Impacts of climate change on water erosion: A review.” Earth Science Reviews 163 (2016): 94-117.

Arnell, Nigel W., and Simon N. Gosling. “The impacts of climate change on river flood risk at the global scale.” Climatic Change 134, no. 3 (2016): 387-401.

Ward, Raymond D., Daniel A. Friess, Richard H. Day, and Richard A. MacKenzie. “Impacts of climate change on mangrove ecosystems: a region by region overview.” Ecosystem Health and Sustainability 2, no. 4 (2016): e01211.

Barbier, Edward B., and Jacob P. Hochard. “The impacts of climate change on the poor in disadvantaged regions.” Review of Environmental Economics and Policy 12, no. 1 (2018): 26-47.

Yalew, Seleshi G., Michelle TH van Vliet, David EHJ Gernaat, Fulco Ludwig, Ariel Miara, Chan Park, Edward Byers et al. “Impacts of climate change on energy systems in global and regional scenarios.” Nature Energy 5, no. 10 (2020): 794-802.

Bisbis, Mehdi Benyoussef, Nazim Gruda, and Michael Blanke. “Potential impacts of climate change on vegetable production and product quality–A review.” Journal of Cleaner Production 170 (2018): 1602-1620.

Dawson, Terence P., Anita H. Perryman, and Tom M. Osborne. “Modelling impacts of climate change on global food security.” Climatic Change 134, no. 3 (2016): 429-440.

Markkanen, Sanna, and Annela Anger-Kraavi. “Social impacts of climate change mitigation policies and their implications for inequality.” Climate Policy 19, no. 7 (2019): 827-844.

Barange, Manuel, Tarûb Bahri, Malcolm CM Beveridge, Kevern L. Cochrane, Simon Funge Smith, and Florence Poulain. Impacts of climate change on fisheries and aquaculture: synthesis of currrent knowledge, adaptation and mitigation options. fao, 2018.

Lu, Shibao, Xiao Bai, Wei Li, and Ning Wang. “Impacts of climate change on water resources and grain production.” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 143 (2019): 76-84.

Carter, Colin, Xiaomeng Cui, Dalia Ghanem, and Pierre Mérel. “Identifying the economic impacts of climate change on agriculture.” Annual Review of Resource Economics 10 (2018): 361-380.

Craig, Michael T., Stuart Cohen, Jordan Macknick, Caroline Draxl, Omar J. Guerra, Manajit Sengupta, Sue Ellen Haupt, Bri-Mathias Hodge, and Carlo Brancucci. “A review of the potential impacts of climate change on bulk power system planning and operations in the United States.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 98 (2018): 255-267.

[1] Dow, Kirstin, and Thomas E. Downing. The atlas of climate change. University of California Press, 2016.

[2] Change, Percent. “What climate change.” (2016).

[3] Ahmed, Mukhtar. “Introduction to Modern Climate Change. Andrew E. Dessler: Cambridge University Press, 2011, 252 pp, ISBN-10: 0521173159.” (2020): 139397.

[4] Crate, Susan A., and Mark Nuttall, eds. Anthropology and climate change: from encounters to actions. Routledge, 2016.

[5] Tol, Richard SJ. “The economic impacts of climate change.” Review of Environmental Economics and Policy (2020).

[6] Hallegatte, Stephane. Shock waves: managing the impacts of climate change on poverty. World Bank Publications, 2016.

[7] Krause, Bernie, and Almo Farina. “Using ecoacoustic methods to survey the impacts of climate change on biodiversity.” Biological conservation 195 (2016): 245-254.

[8] Nunez, Sarahi, Eric Arets, Rob Alkemade, Caspar Verwer, and Rik Leemans. “Assessing the impacts of climate change on biodiversity: is below 2° C enough?.” Climatic Change 154, no. 3 (2019): 351-365.

[9] Perera, A. T. D., Vahid M. Nik, Deliang Chen, Jean-Louis Scartezzini, and Tianzhen Hong.”Quantifying the impacts of climate change and extreme climate events on energysystems.” Nature Energy 5, no. 2 (2020): 150-159.

[10] Li, Zhiying, and Haiyan Fang. “Impacts of climate change on water erosion: A review.” Earth Science Reviews 163 (2016): 94-117.

[11] Arnell, Nigel W., and Simon N. Gosling. “The impacts of climate change on river flood risk at the global scale.” Climatic Change 134, no. 3 (2016): 387-401.

[12] Ward, Raymond D., Daniel A. Friess, Richard H. Day, and Richard A. MacKenzie. “Impacts of climate change on mangrove ecosystems: a region by region overview.” Ecosystem Health and Sustainability 2, no. 4 (2016): e01211.

[13] Ward, Raymond D., Daniel A. Friess, Richard H. Day, and Richard A. MacKenzie. “Impacts of climate change on mangrove ecosystems: a region by region overview.” Ecosystem Health and Sustainability 2, no. 4 (2016): e01211.

[14] Barbier, Edward B., and Jacob P. Hochard. “The impacts of climate change on the poor in disadvantaged regions.” Review of Environmental Economics and Policy 12, no. 1 (2018): 26-47.

[15] Yalew, Seleshi G., Michelle TH van Vliet, David EHJ Gernaat, Fulco Ludwig, Ariel Miara, Chan Park, Edward Byers et al. “Impacts of climate change on energy systems in global and regional scenarios.” Nature Energy 5, no. 10 (2020): 794-802.

[16] Bisbis, Mehdi Benyoussef, Nazim Gruda, and Michael Blanke. “Potential impacts of climate change on vegetable production and product quality–A review.” Journal of Cleaner Production 170 (2018): 1602-1620.

[17] Dawson, Terence P., Anita H. Perryman, and Tom M. Osborne. “Modelling impacts of climate change on global food security.” Climatic Change 134, no. 3 (2016): 429-440.

[18] Markkanen, Sanna, and Annela Anger-Kraavi. “Social impacts of climate change mitigation policies and their implications for inequality.” Climate Policy 19, no. 7 (2019): 827-844.

[19] Barange, Manuel, Tarûb Bahri, Malcolm CM Beveridge, Kevern L. Cochrane, Simon Funge Smith, and Florence Poulain. Impacts of climate change on fisheries and aquaculture: synthesis of currrent knowledge, adaptation and mitigation options. fao, 2018.

[20] Lu, Shibao, Xiao Bai, Wei Li, and Ning Wang. “Impacts of climate change on water resources and grain production.” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 143 (2019): 76-84.

[21] Craig, Michael T., Stuart Cohen, Jordan Macknick, Caroline Draxl, Omar J. Guerra, Manajit Sengupta, Sue Ellen Haupt, Bri-Mathias Hodge, and Carlo Brancucci. “A review of the potential impacts of climate change on bulk power system planning and operations in the United States.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 98 (2018): 255-267.

[22] Barange, Manuel, Tarûb Bahri, Malcolm CM Beveridge, Kevern L. Cochrane, Simon Funge Smith, and Florence Poulain. Impacts of climate change on fisheries and aquaculture: synthesis of currrent knowledge, adaptation and mitigation options. fao, 2018.

[23] Hallegatte, Stephane. Shock waves: managing the impacts of climate change on poverty. World Bank Publications, 2016.

[24] Ahmed, Mukhtar. “Introduction to Modern Climate Change. Andrew E. Dessler: Cambridge University Press, 2011, 252 pp, ISBN-10: 0521173159.” (2020): 139397

[25] Change, Percent. “What climate change.” (2016).