Aims In this experience, we shall determine the content of the glucose in citrus fruits such as orange. The experiment will cover all the different classifications of sugars and the role they perform in the body. The investigation will also discuss additional suggestions and alternative methods that can be used to determine the content of[…]
Statement of the Problem Mercury (Hg) is a non essential heavy metal with no nutritional value, yet can be hazardous even in small quantities if consumed by humans, causing some serious adverse effects. It can be found in all three physical states (liquid, gas and solid particles), which causes even more complications in terms of[…]
Introduction Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are usually apparent at birth and are characterised by structural abnormalities, such as atrial or ventricular septation defects, electrical conduction abnormalities or cardiomyopathies. One of the primary causes of cardiomyopathy is the loss and/or damage of cardiomyocytes (CM). In order to replenish the lost/damaged cells, an appropriate source is needed[…]
Chapter 1 Introduction Rhodobacter sphaeroides is a purple bacterium whose photosynthetic apparatus is composed of cytochromes, an ATPase, a reaction centre (RC), and two light harvesting antenna complexes (LH1 and LH2) that funnel excitation energy towards the RC. The photosynthetic unit formed from these different components is located within the highly invaginated intracytoplasmic membrane (ICM)[…]
Abstract Sty1 is a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) from the yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe which is homologous to the human MAPK p38. It is activated by several stress responses including oxidative stress. In this study the transcriptomes of a wild type S. pombe strain and a sty1 delete (Δsty1) strain were studied using microarray technology and[…]
1.1 Phosphotidylinositol(3,5)bisphosphate: Synthesis and Metabolism In the year 1850, Joseph Scherer discovered inositol and determined its empirical formula by its isolation from Liebig’s extract of meat. Inositides consist of phosphotidyl-inositol (PtdIns), polyphosphoinositides (PPIns) which are a phosphorylated derivative of PtdIns and inositol polyphosphate(IP). These membrane and cellular components of inositides have been found to play[…]
Introduction Acting as a glutamate-gated ion channels N-methyl D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) play an important role in excitatory synaptic transmission. They are widely expressed in the central nervous system and have a key role in synaptic plasticity. NMDAR channels, if blocked, result in the inhibition of cellular mechanisms like long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD)[…]
Abstract As part of its bio-geochemical cycle, the injection of iodine-containing gases into the atmosphere and their subsequent chemical transformation therein, play a crucial role in environmental and health aspects associated with iodine – most importantly, in determining the quantity of the element available to the mammalian diet. This review focuses on these processes and[…]
Introduction An adaptive immune response is induced when an infection overwhelms the innate defence mechanism. On antigen recognition, the naive T cells differentiate into several functional classes of effector T cells that are specialised in different activities. The major histocomapatibility complex (MHC) presents the pathogen peptide. Depending on the pathogen peptide presented by the MHC,[…]
1.1 Ubiquitin First identified in 1975, ubiquitin is a regulatory protein that is highly conserved throughout eukaryotes. It is a small protein consisting of 76 amino acids with a molecular weight of 8.5 kDa. Its main features are its C-terminal tail and lysine residues. Ubiquitin is found in both the cytoplasm where it is involved[…]
Stem Cells are unspecialised cells having the ability to form specialised cells. The most commonly used are the embryonic stem cells. In this review, I have talked about stem cells, their different types, their differences from other cell types, stem cell importance and how this can be used in application. As far as its application[…]
1] INTRODUCTION: The surface of the biomaterial plays an instrumental role in the determination of biocompatibility, associated biological and interfacial responses that, in turn, influence and yield implant success. The surfaces of the biomaterial can be modified for manipulation of implant features by physicochemical, biological and processing methodologies of surface patterning and assemblage (Temenoff and[…]