1.0 Introduction to PLA The polymers made from biological sources are referred to as bio-based polymers. Plant, algae, or Microorganism directly constructs some polymers in the form of polymeric, whereas the rest are externally manufactured using bio-based monomers. Starch and cellulose are the simplest bio-based polymers and known to humankind for ages. Despite their environmental-friendly[…]
Introduction Protein expression is an essential part of proteomics– the field of science that determines the presence and quantity of protein in a cell or tissue. Protein expression is commonly carried out in bacteria, yeast, viral, insect or mammalian cells, depending on the kind of protein and the intended application. The oldest expression systems are[…]
During a game of golf, every shot from the tee or from the fairway comprises both a backswing phase and a downswing phase of the golf swing (Joyce, Burnett and Ball, 2010). The main aim of the golfer is to displace the ball the optimum distance and direction to achieve success (Chu, Sell and Lephart,[…]
Molecules that are non-super imposable mirror images of one another are termed as chiral. These are a pair of enantiomers and are diasymmetric as well as optically active. Since they promote optical rotation, these enantiomers are also known as optical isomers. These chiral molecules consist of a tetrahedral carbon atom, which is attached to four[…]
Microencapsulation involves completely enveloping ingredients in a protective coating. Microcapsules are defined as being of a size between 0.2-5000 µm (Barbosa-Cánovas et al, 2005, p200). The ingredients within the coating are often labile; that is unstable and liable to change. These changes can be caused physically and chemically; for example by interactions with other chemicals[…]
Introduction Glutamate not only functions as an amino acid building block of proteins, but also as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. It acts as a signalling molecule activating various receptors on different cells. Glutamate acts on two receptor classes, ionotropic receptors (ligand gated ion channels), and metabotropic receptors (G-protein coupled receptors). Ionotropic receptors[…]
Can genetic markers be used to predict susceptibility to disease and disease phenotypes? It is rightly said that people’s curiosity drives their passion for knowledge. Acquiring knowledge becomes an adventure when there are codes that can reveal secrets. Ever since we were introduced to the reality of DNA and genes, we have been trying to[…]
Introduction Multiple myeloma is a type of incurable plasma cells malignancy. This disease is characterized by clonal expansion of myeloma cells in the bone marrow, causing bone annihilation, impaired haematopoiesis, renal failures and other bone pathological fractures resulting in bone metastases. In the UK, nearly 3,300 new cases per annum are multiple myeloma(1). In healthy[…]
Abstract Transglutaminase is a cross-linking enzyme that links proteins to form a covalent bond resistant to proteolytic degradation. In 2009, Janet B. Rollefson found a gene encoding for a putative transglutaminase in Geobacter sulfurreducens, where it was found to be critical for biofilm formation on electrodes in microbial fuel cells. If this enzyme is a[…]